{"id":3513431,"date":"2025-06-04T10:32:27","date_gmt":"2025-06-04T10:32:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/?p=3513431"},"modified":"2025-06-04T10:32:27","modified_gmt":"2025-06-04T10:32:27","slug":"the-story-of-b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/stories\/2025-06-04\/the-story-of-b\/","title":{"rendered":"The Story of B"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Oh No. Is\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"440\">Do the Math<\/a>\u00a0about to get hijacked for another\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2025\/03\/ishmael-overview\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"10977\">long series<\/a>\u00a0about a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ishmael.org\/books\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Daniel Quinn book<\/a>, like it was for\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ishmael.org\/books\/the-book\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ishmael<\/a><\/em>?<\/p>\n<p>How about just a\u00a0<em>really long<\/em>\u00a0post?<\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ishmael.org\/books\/the-story-of-b\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Story of B<\/a><\/em>\u00a0is the second in a series of three books associated with the wise gorilla, Ishmael, and his teachings. Some report \u201cB\u201d as a more powerful book than the first (<em>Ishmael<\/em>). For me, they sort-of run together, and I have trouble remembering which book focused on which point. That\u2019s part of why I started the project of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2025\/03\/ishmael-overview\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"10977\">capturing the\u00a0<em>Ishmael<\/em>\u00a0content<\/a>, and here do something similar for\u00a0<em>The Story of B<\/em>. I figure if it helps me keep the books straight, it will help others, too.<\/p>\n<p>In this post, I sketch the content of the book. I am not tracing much in the way of story elements. I\u2019m not even fully fleshing out the key arguments, but making more of a map so that I or others can more quickly revisit key parts, or get a quick refresher on the entire book\u2019s flow and content. For those who have not read the book, I hope it serves as encouragement to do so.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Format<\/h3>\n<p><em>The Story of B<\/em>\u00a0is formatted somewhat oddly (and unfortunately, in my view). A former student of Ishmael\u2019s is touring Europe giving countercultural lectures somewhat under the radar. He has acquired the nickname of B for unclear reasons (could be Blasphemer, Beelzebub, the Beast, etc.). Anyway, the book is chopped into a chronological diary of sorts, with five lengthy lecture transcripts interjected as footnotes that point to appendices in the book.<\/p>\n<p>It is not made explicitly clear how one should read the book. Should the lectures be ignored, to be picked up someday when bored and having nothing else to do? Or should they be read instantly upon reference in the main text? Daniel Quinn recommended the latter, and I can\u2019t muster any compelling argument to do otherwise. I mean, the lectures provide crucial\u00a0<strong>context<\/strong>\u00a0for the rest of the book, frequently referenced within the main story. Personally, I think it would have worked better if the lectures had been placed in the main text, and not displaced to the back. Because, really: jockeying two bookmarks is asking a bit much! The lectures are like spinach to a kid, when the rest of the plate has pizza, fried chicken strips, and a hot dog. I, too, would rather continue reading the enjoyable story part\u2014experiencing an internal groan when asked to leave it for a lecture. Compared to the main story, the lectures are not interactive, are more intellectually taxing, and require some discipline to \u201ceat\u201d when other temptations beckon.<\/p>\n<p>But here\u2019s a quantitative argument. I took notes in a small notebook as I read the book. I wrote 184 lines of material. Of these, 67 come from the main story, and 117 from the lectures. In terms of page count, 235 pages comprise the main story, while 89 cover the lectures. That means 64% of the noteworthy content was concentrated into 27% of the pages, so that the nutritious density of the lectures is 4.3 times that of the main book. Though it may be more difficult to digest, the bulk of the meal is in the lectures. Skipping them misses an awful lot.<\/p>\n<p>In this post, I will intersperse the two, reflecting the (chronologically-correct) order in which I read the material. The overall flow is as follows (each entry has page numbers and an indication in parentheses of how many lines of notes each generated for me).<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>pp. 1\u201317 (0): We meet the narrator, Jared Osborne, who embarks on a mission.<\/li>\n<li>pp. 239\u2013257 (33);\u00a0<strong>L1<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>The Great Forgetting<\/strong>: agriculture; Takers and Leavers<\/li>\n<li>pp. 17\u201327 (0): Jared tracks down the city of the next lecture<\/li>\n<li>pp. 258\u2013275 (19);\u00a0<strong>L2<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>The Boiling Frog<\/strong>: accelerating doublings and signs of distress<\/li>\n<li>pp. 27\u201344 (0): Jared meets B over drinks<\/li>\n<li>pp. 276\u2013286 (11);\u00a0<strong>L3<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>The Collapse of Values<\/strong>: what went wrong, and the good news<\/li>\n<li>pp. 45\u2013103 (24): Jared meets a suspicious inner circle, reveals his identity, and begins receiving lessons from B<\/li>\n<li>pp. 287\u2013306 (19);\u00a0<strong>L4<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>Population<\/strong>: A Systems Approach<\/li>\n<li>pp. 104\u2013200 (41): Circumstances force a switch to plan B; lessons intensify\u2014in the dirt<\/li>\n<li>pp. 307\u2013325 (35);\u00a0<strong>L5<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>The Great Remembering<\/strong>: tribal disintegration; origins of law; suffering; saving the world<\/li>\n<li>pp. 200\u2013235 (2): Jared picks up the pieces, committing to a new life<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In the sections that follow, I use the titles of named sections within the book to help readers locate the source material, but skip those sections that did not move my pen in the notebook. I also try to confine my own slant to [square brackets].<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introductions (1\u201317)<\/h3>\n<p>The narrator, Jared Osborne, is a Catholic priest in an order whose secret duty is to maintain vigilance for the Antichrist. He is sent to Germany to check out this Charles Atterley character, who is giving subversive lectures. Jared has difficulty finding any clues leading him to Atterley or his lectures, but is pointed to\u00a0<em>another<\/em>\u00a0lecture that might be of interest. It was instantly clear that this lecturer could be none other than the Atterley character.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L1: The Great Forgetting (239\u2013257)<\/h3>\n<p>As Jared\u2019s luck [or author\u2019s contrivance] would have it, this lecture was the first in a repeating series, so he came in at the beginning. Much of it echoes lessons from\u00a0<em>Ishmael<\/em>, to get us up to speed. The message is so alien to people in the culture of modernity that it is a tough climb.<\/p>\n<p>The Great Forgetting refers to the process by which post-agricultural humans completely forgot their hunter-gatherer origins, losing ancient knowledge and traditions. By the time recorded history began, about 5 millennia ago, it was assumed that humans had\u00a0<em>always<\/em>\u00a0lived as agriculturalists and builders of civilization. These were imagined to be innate qualities of humans.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Great Remembering<\/h4>\n<p>When science finally caught up to the fact that agriculture represented only 0.3% of human history on Earth, this awareness should have changed\u00a0<em>everything<\/em>\u00a0about how we perceive ourselves. Yet, it changed very little. We\u2019ll just call that embarrassing period \u201cprehistory,\u201d proclaim it to be obsolete, and point out that nothing important happened in all that time\u2014no need to rock the boat and reexamine the foundations of all our scholarly disciplines. Nothing to see, here.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Myth of the Agricultural Revolution<\/h4>\n<p>Our telling of the agricultural revolution\u2014that we abandoned foraging for agriculture\u2014serves to limit our understanding of the process. Atterley offers a characterization of\u00a0<strong>totalitarian agriculture<\/strong>\u00a0that \u201csubordinates all life-forms to the relentless, single-minded production of human food.\u201d Food surpluses fueled population explosion and expansion, which \u201cobliterated all other lifestyles in its path.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Similar to the fallacy that humans were always agriculturalists, the modern tendency is to believe that everybody (who is of any significance) began agriculture roughly 10,000 years ago.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">East and West<\/h4>\n<p>Despite the ease with which we note cultural\u00a0<em>differences<\/em>\u00a0around the world\u2014especially between East and West\u2014Atterley stresses that they are twins. Both practice totalitarian agriculture, and both are driven by the notion that people need to be\u00a0<em>saved<\/em>\u00a0(methods vary).<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Nothingness of Prehistory<\/h4>\n<p>Pre-agricultural humans were nobodies. When confronted with the uncomfortable fact that humans had not always been agriculturalists, the reaction was: \u201cMan may not have been\u00a0<em>born<\/em>\u00a0an agriculturalist and a civilization-builder, but he was nonetheless born\u00a0<em>to become<\/em>\u00a0an agriculturalist.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The denigrating term \u201cStone Age People\u201d from technology-obsessed modernists implies that these \u201cvery, very slow starters\u201d were reliant on stones. But an anthropologist can tell you that in hunter-gatherer cultures, stones are used here and there\u2014yes\u2014but so is glue used here and there in our culture. This fact does not make us \u201cGlue Age People.\u201d<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Myth of the Agricultural Revolution (cont.)<\/h4>\n<p>The usual sloppy thinking is of a lineage leading from primitive hunter-gatherers to civilized \u201cus.\u201d Even recognizing the error of The Great Forgetting did not change this perception. Yet, the true story is a\u00a0<em>splitting<\/em>\u00a0into two cultures, the Forgetting happening only on our split-off lineage.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Law of Limited Competition<\/h4>\n<p>This section is a recap of\u00a0<em>Ishmael<\/em>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2025\/04\/ishmael-chapter-8\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"11330\">Chapter 8<\/a>: \u201cyou may compete [to the best of your ability] but you may not wage war on your competitors.\u201d A single culture began violating this law, hunting down competitors, destroying their food, and denying them access to food (totalitarian agriculture).<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Leavers and Takers<\/h4>\n<p>We\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2025\/03\/ishmael-chapter-2\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"11126\">learned these labels<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<em>Ishmael<\/em>. Leavers \u201cleave the rule of the world in the hands of the gods,\u201d while Takers reject the law of limited competition and \u201ctake the rule of the world into their own hands.\u201d Admittedly, these labels are not problem-free, but what are you gonna do?<\/p>\n<p>The catch is that this law (of limited competition) had nurtured and protected our species into being. Flouting it flirts with extinction [of\u00a0<em>many<\/em>\u00a0species, in our case]. We live as outlaws, and crime does not pay.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Good News and Bad News<\/h4>\n<p>Atterley makes the astute point that if all he were doing was proclaiming \u201cthat we\u2019re all doomed and damned,\u201d he would not be seen as a threat: nothing new. It is his message of\u00a0<em>hope<\/em>\u00a0that has people nervous. We are inured to messages that humans are villains of Earth, causing its destruction. We seldom hear that humans lived at peace with the world for millions of years\u2014not as saints, but \u201cas harmlessly as a hyena or a shark or a rattlesnake.\u201d The message, then, is:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>We don\u2019t have to change HUMANKIND in order to survive.<br \/>\nWe only have to change a single culture.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Not to diminish the difficulty, but this simple statement at least makes clear that we\u2019re not dealing with an\u00a0<em>impossible<\/em>\u00a0change.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Q &amp; A<\/h4>\n<p>In addressing questions from the audience, Atterley briefly connects the agricultural revolution to The Fall in Genesis (same time and place; see\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2025\/04\/ishmael-chapter-9\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"11336\">Chapter 9<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<em>Ishmael<\/em>), then moves to megafauna extinctions, and finally the role of famine. On megafauna extinctions, these were run-of-the-mill evolutionary events connected to migration of one megafauna species into new ecological contexts\u2014rather than a matter of policy to wipe out mammoths. [See my comments at the end of\u00a0<em>Ishmael<\/em>\u2018s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2025\/05\/ishmael-chapter-13\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"11680\">Chapter 13<\/a>\u00a0for more.] As to famines, the causality does not work. Developing agriculture is not a\u00a0<em>response<\/em>\u00a0to famine, but if anything opened the door to famine (more dependent on fickle crop yields: all eggs in one basket, so to speak\u2014more on this later).<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tracking B (17\u201327)<\/h3>\n<p>In trying to track down the next lecture location, Jared learns that the person he knows as Charles Atterley is known as \u201cB\u201d for unknown reasons. He gets a clue as to a possible next location, and finds protesters whose signs offer a variety of possible origins for the \u201cB\u201d title: \u201cblasphemer, bastard, bunghole, bigmouth, blowhard, bonehead,\u201d some French and German variants, and also \u201cBeelzebub, the Beast, Belial, and Barabbas.\u201d Got a favorite?<\/p>\n<p>From here on, I will just use B instead of Atterley, as the book also tends to do.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L2: The Boiling Frog (258\u2013275)<\/h3>\n<p>B compares the spread of Taker culture to a boiling frog [yes: I know this is both apocryphal and cruel]. The format of this lecture follows the progress of our accelerating predicament. We are first reminded of the totalitarian style of agriculture: at war with the world, \u201cruthless toward all other life forms,\u201d and \u201cbased on the premise that\u00a0<em>all the food in the world belongs to us<\/em>,\u201d refusing to acknowledge any limits to our entitlements.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Food Availability and Population Growth<\/h4>\n<p>This is a recurrent topic in the book, as it was in\u00a0<em>Ishmael<\/em>\u00a0also. B makes the simple and non-controversial observation that providing mice with enough daily food for 100 mice will result in a roughly stable population in the neighborhood of 100. Increasing the population to 200 will not require mood music, but simply doubling food availability. Easy. It works for any species.<\/p>\n<p>People absolutely \u201cbridle at the idea that humans might be\u201d subject to the same math. [What\u2019s that about, huh? Might want to have that looked at.] Yet, let\u2019s consult the record. After three million years of humans on the planet, population was at perhaps 10 million prior to the agricultural revolution. Then in a relative blink of an eye, population doubled in something like 3,000 years. Thus, around 5000 B.C.E., Earth hosted about 25 million humans, most of which were now agriculturalists\u2014and by amazing coincidence right where agriculture kicked off [yes; the full story is more nuanced as multiple independent starts cropped up in the Holocene]. \u201cThe water in the cauldron was getting warm, and signs of distress were beginning to appear.\u201d<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Signs of Distress: 5000\u20133000 B.C.E.<\/h4>\n<p>It did not take long to experience overcrowded settlements\/cities, as well as overgrazed and overproduced lands that degraded as a result. When things got tight, warfare of a type never seen in the world erupted. Suddenly city-states, armies, and kings emerged. Technology in service of war was exciting, not taken as a sign of a bad turn. Of course, such things are bound to accompany totalitarian agriculture [see my\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2023\/08\/our-time-on-the-river\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"3308\">River post<\/a>].<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Signs of Distress: 3000\u20131400 B.C.E.<\/h4>\n<p>Each of these periods represents another doubling of human population, this one starting at 50 million humans (80% Takers).<\/p>\n<p>The distresses of the previous era just scaled up: bigger, more epic wars\u2014now with Bronze-Age swords! But hidden by the dazzle of gleaming armor are slums, slavery, and crime. Crime was new to the world. Sure, people committed rotten acts since the beginning, but crime requires a state and written law. Leaver tribes had (effective) ways of dealing with transgressions against their time-tested norms, but did not have to deal with chronic crime, as we know it. Again: this is not cyclical, but new to the world.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Signs of Distress: 1400\u20130 B.C.E.<\/h4>\n<p>This period starts at 100 million people; 90% Takers. Earth now experienced great military conquests and powerful rulers. Revolts, coups, and assassinations became a new normal. Money facilitated all kinds of manipulations, instability, and abuses. Crowded cities with poor sanitation introduced plagues. Slavery was an enormous industry.<\/p>\n<p>Amidst all this suffering and turmoil, a few bright lights sensed that something wasn\u2019t quite right about all this. The flaws in life were readily apparent, and demanded attention. It was in this time that salvation-based religions arose. \u201cJudaism, Brahmanism, Hinduism, Shintoism, and Buddhism all came into being in this period, and had no existence before it.\u201d Following 6,000 years of totalitarian agriculture, it seemed as if humans (recall that The Great Forgetting wiped out 3 million years of memory) were fundamentally flawed\u2014miserable and suffering since the dawn of time, it was believed\u2014and needed to be saved.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Signs of Distress: 0\u20131200 C.E.<\/h4>\n<p>We start this period at 200 million people; 95% Takers. Salvation took center stage as the answer to life\u2019s ills. In contrast to a world-gone-wrong, it was very attractive to fantasize about a better world waiting for the dutiful adherent. All the suffering couldn\u2019t be normal (they were correct!).<\/p>\n<p>This set up two nasty tendencies. First, Earth becomes rubbish: an ugly, visceral, complicated, mean, and temporary hell-hole on the way to eternal gleaming salvation. Trashing it is no worse than it deserves. Boil the frog all you want: something better awaits. Second, salvation is deeply personal. No one can achieve it for you, you can\u2019t share it or do it for anyone else. Personal salvation became all that mattered, fostering selfishness and narcissism. Gone was the sense of tribal unity: that group success was the best route to personal success. Screw it. Capitalists take note.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Signs of Distress: 1200\u20131700<\/h4>\n<p>Now starting at 400 million people; 98% Takers. More revolts, ugliness, disease, and famine. Christianity penetrates the East and New World.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Signs of Distress: 1700\u20131900<\/h4>\n<p>Entering this period are 800 million people; 99% Takers. Civilized pathogens wipe out an unbelievable number of Indigenous people. Opium went global. Mega-famines from crop failures visited one region after another. Increased urbanization brought human anguish to new levels. Slums and crime were ubiquitous. Economic instability threw societies into chaos. Uprisings claimed millions upon millions of human lives. Far\u00a0<em>more<\/em>\u00a0lives were extinguished by extermination efforts of \u201cpest\u201d animals and plants.<\/p>\n<p>Amidst all this was an Industrial Revolution made possible by fossil fuels (coal). Dirty, hard work introduced a new type of serfdom and suffering.<\/p>\n<p>Wars shifted from religious to economic and material concerns. Consumerism became a new sort of salvation: make life better\u00a0<em>now<\/em>, dammit, with\u00a0<strong>stuff<\/strong>!<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Signs of Distress: 1900\u20131960<\/h4>\n<p>The twentieth century began with 1.5 billion people; almost all Takers. A global economic collapse and two world wars might look a bit like distress. Seems like the water is on the verge of boiling over, now.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Signs of Distress: 1960\u20131996<\/h4>\n<p>In 1960, human population growth was around 2% [about 500 times higher than pre-agricultural numbers and about 10,000 times bigger in scale]. Earth hosted 3 billion people; what Leavers? B describes the progression up to now as a growing chorus, adding new unpleasant voices at each stage. War was the only grating voice for a few thousand years, later joined by crime, corruption, slavery, revolt, famine, plague, labor exploitation, drugs, economic mayhem, geopolitical domination, genocide, and ecocide. A lovely disharmony!<\/p>\n<p>What voice does this last period add to the cacophony? B suggests: cultural collapse. Having forgotten any other way to live, the mounting threats to\u00a0<em>modernity<\/em>\u00a0seem like existential threats to\u00a0<em>humanity itself<\/em>, leading to panic, disillusionment, escapism, and the general sense that it\u2019s every person for themself.<\/p>\n<p>We end this period at 6 billion people, Leaver cultures all but eliminated. [The following 29 years add 2 billion more people, but starts showing cracks\u2014including a slowing of the population explosion. More people are finding modernity to be bankrupt and no way to live, while its adherents become ever more frantic about saving it at all costs.]<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Meeting B (27\u201344)<\/h3>\n<p>During the second lecture, Jared got the impression that B signaled to him, so followed him after the show on a long march to a funky bar, where they sat together for drinks and conversation. In the meantime B\u2019s close colleague, Shirin, did some sleuthing and learned of Jared\u2019s priestly identity. Relaying this intelligence to B, Jared was recognized as a potential danger\u2014or opportunity.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L3: The Collapse of Values (276\u2013286)<\/h3>\n<p>B explains mythology as \u201c\u2026the organizing principle of all our activities. It explains to us the meaning of everything we do.\u201d Sometimes developments might force a reckoning of cultural mythology, rendering it meaningless. So central is our (implicit) mythology that the threat of its removal leads to despair, nihilism, bafflement, together with various forms of escapism, disorder, and unrest.<\/p>\n<p>In a fantastic passage that deserves a full quote, he describes the prevailing attitudes of the mid-twentieth-century decades as ones in which<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u2026the people of our culture still knew where they were going, were still confident that a glorious future lay just ahead of us. All we had to do was to hold on to the vision and keep doing all the things that got us here in the first place\u2026universities and opera houses, central heating and elevators, Mozart and Shakespeare, ocean liners and motion pictures.<br \/>\nWhat\u2019s more\u2014and you must mark this\u2014the things that got us here were\u00a0<strong>good<\/strong>\u00a0things. In 1950 there wasn\u2019t the slightest whisper of a doubt about this anywhere in our culture, East or West, capitalist or communist. In 1950 this was something everyone could agree on: Exploiting the world was our God-given right. The world was\u00a0<strong>created<\/strong>\u00a0for us to exploit. Exploiting the world actually\u00a0<strong>improved<\/strong>\u00a0it! There was no limit to what we could do. Cut as much down as you like, dig up as much as you like. Scrape away the forests, fill in the wetlands, dam the rivers, dump poisons anywhere you want, as much as you want. None of this was regarded as wicked or dangerous. Good heavens, why would it be? The earth was created specifically to be used in this way. It was a limitless, indestructible playroom for humans. You simply didn\u2019t have to consider the possibility of running out of something or of damaging something. The earth was designed to take any punishment, to absorb and sweeten any toxin, in any quantity. Explode nuclear weapons? Good heavens, yes\u2014as many as you want! Thousands, if you like. Radioactive material generated while trying to achieve our God-given destiny can\u2019t harm us.<br \/>\nWipe out whole species? Absolutely! Why ever not? If people don\u2019t [register that they] need these creatures, then obviously they\u2019re superfluous! To exercise such control over the world is to\u00a0<strong>humanize<\/strong>\u00a0it, is to take us a step closer to our destiny.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In Quinn\u2019s telling, this manifesto was not doubted by almost any historical figure, and is only now being doubted by a growing minority\u2014especially the young. The lie of an ever-better life is no longer credible. In fairness, a few radical thinkers throughout history challenged the premise of modernity. But the overall cultural vibe Quinn captures here was essentially universal.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Silent Spring and Beyond<\/h4>\n<p>Rachel Carson\u2019s\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silent_Spring\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Silent Spring<\/a><\/em>, in 1962, was a wake-up call that we\u00a0<em>were<\/em>\u00a0capable of inflicting great harm to life on Earth. It shattered the self-aggrandizing view that God was on our side in doing whatever we wished as conquerors and rulers of the planet. We were \u201chaving a lethal impact on the world,\u201d traceable via an accelerating rate of permanent extinctions.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Theories: What\u2019s Gone Wrong, Here?<\/h4>\n<p>As conditions deteriorate, we at least excel at finger-pointing: heaps of blame to go around. The root cause is attributed to human nature; capitalist greed; technology; parenting; schools; subversive music; injustice; corruption. Proposed remedies are characteristically simple: \u201c<em>All we have to do is<\/em>\u2026\u201d [This is a window into our\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2024\/12\/shortcut-brains\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"9898\">meat-brain mental models<\/a>: necessarily limited and unequal to the task.]<\/p>\n<p>In any case, Takers are now getting the first bitter taste of what Leavers know all too well (but for vastly different reasons):\u00a0<strong>your world can be turned upside down<\/strong>; the dream turned to nonsense. \u201cFor both of us, the song we\u2019d been singing from the beginning of time died in our throats.\u201d Now things are teetering and will soon fall apart.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">At Last, Good News<\/h4>\n<p>All this doom and gloom! We can\u2019t take any more! But B is here to share some good news. In a nutshell:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>We are not humanity.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>It never occurs to us that this is true. But\u00a0<strong>it changes everything<\/strong>. We must\u00a0<em>forget<\/em>\u00a0The Great Forgetting, which told us that our culture\u00a0<em>was<\/em>\u00a0all of humanity. The big deal is that if our culture\u00a0<em>defines<\/em>\u00a0humanity, and our culture is doomed [e.g., by initiating a sixth mass extinction], then nothing can be done. The flaws run down to immutable DNA. No hope. Nothing for it. Nihilism, hedonism, consumerism\u2026why not!<\/p>\n<p>Recognizing the flaw to be in our\u00a0<em>cultural<\/em>\u2014rather than\u00a0<em>genetic<\/em>\u2014foundations, we might hope to abandon the sinking ship for safer ground, and yes: other ground really does exist: ground to which we are exceptionally well-adapted\u2014by no coincidence!<\/p>\n<p>It is this version of \u201cgood news\u201d that the church cannot abide. [As an aside, Quinn describes his journey to\u00a0<em>Ishmael<\/em>\u00a0in a book called\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ishmael.org\/books\/providence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Providence: The Story of a Fifty-Year Vision Quest<\/a><\/em>, part of which covers his young-adult intent to become a Trappist monk\u2014shedding light on his many Christian touch-points.]<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Educating Jared (45\u2013103)<\/h3>\n<p>Finally, some lessons worth reporting appear in the main body of the novel.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Into the Underworld<\/h4>\n<p>After this third lecture, Jared wanders into the bowels of the theater to find B surrounded by an inner circle gathered in discussion about programs vs. visions. Our normal reaction to a perceived\u00a0<em>problem<\/em>\u00a0is a\u00a0<em>solution<\/em>, often in the form of a\u00a0<em>program<\/em>. B says: \u201cIf the world is saved, it will be saved by people with changed minds, people with a new vision\u201d\u2014not \u201cby people with old minds and new programs.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Visions don\u2019t need programs: they just unfold of their own accord. The Industrial Revolution is offered as an example. Programs are invoked to address something undesirable emerging from the shared vision\u2014to mitigate its negative consequences\u2014but often to little avail. The current vision presents a raging flow toward catastrophe that no programs can reverse. A few sticks erected in a river (a program) won\u2019t divert the river, but may impede it a bit. Only an entirely new vision has the power to set a new course, and is something only the river itself can accomplish. It has to\u00a0<em>want<\/em>\u00a0to change course.<\/p>\n<p>If a new vision emerges in due time, it will have been \u201ccompletely unpredictable by us.\u201d Otherwise it would be a version of our own vision. It has to be essentially unthinkable [to modernity-conditioned people] to really count. [Our job is not to\u00a0<em>generate<\/em>\u00a0the new vision\u2014as we\u00a0<em>can\u2019t<\/em>\u2014but detach from the old and make space for something new to emerge.]<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A Mosaic<\/h4>\n<p>Jared is grilled by members of the inner circle, who on the whole are very suspicious of an emissary from the Roman Catholic Church. Among all of them, B seems to be the most tolerant and curious. In the \u201cinterrogation\u201d process, Jared is pushed into revealing his quest to determine if B is the Antichrist, which seems to only amuse B while deeply troubling the others. In the end, B sees value in giving Jared a proper training.<\/p>\n<p>Just as Ishmael\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2025\/03\/ishmael-chapter-2\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"11126\">described his approach<\/a>\u00a0with Alan, B explains that he aims to create a\u00a0<em>mosaic<\/em>: lots of pieces to be added before the whole might start to come into focus. The order of tile placement is less important than the emerging image\u2014which cannot be delivered all at once.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A New Horizon<\/h4>\n<p>To absorb a fuller perspective, one must see far past the usual horizon of Mesopotamia as the start of history. Extending the horizon is accomplished by seeking a view from a higher vantage. For our purposes, a 3-million-year horizon will do, encompassing the full history of humans on Earth. Even this is tiny on the scale of Life, the Universe, and Everything.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Climbing the Ladder<\/h4>\n<p>From a greater height, the agricultural revolution does not signal the\u00a0<em>beginning<\/em>\u00a0of history, but a\u00a0<em>mind shift<\/em>\u00a0among one culture. It signaled The Great Forgetting, replacing ancient visions [that worked well for a long time] with a new vision of our place in the world [how\u2019s that going?].<\/p>\n<p>B dismisses the notion that the agricultural revolution was in response to famine. Famished people are desperate, barely able to operate. It\u2019s not the time to invent. Drowning people don\u2019t invent boats, either. [As a related digression, I, too,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2023\/12\/text-substitutions\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4649\">reject the pithy phrase<\/a>\u00a0that \u201cnecessity is the mother of invention.\u201d The Industrial Revolution exposes the lie. It happened in the same place and time as fossil fuels burst onto the scene.\u00a0<em>Surplus energy<\/em>\u00a0is the mother of invention. The places in the world where need and suffering are highest are not hot-beds of innovation: affluent places are.] Agriculture\u2014which by the way was invented in fertile river valleys and not in hard-scrabble deserts\u2014<strong>introduced<\/strong>\u00a0famine as a consequence of inevitable crop failure for people living outside an evolved ecological context wherein the diversity of local flora\/fauna supported human life for eons. Put all your eggs in one basket and trouble should not be surprising.<\/p>\n<p>Somewhat perplexing is the fact that agriculture is more labor-intensive than hunter-gatherer life. B represents that by this metric (alone) it is a baffling miracle that agriculture caught on, but he returns to this theme shortly.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Peace-Loving Killers of New Guinea<\/h4>\n<p>B describes the Gebusi of New Guinea, whose practices seem insane to our culture. But \u201cevery culture\u2019s lunacy seems like sanity to the members of that culture.\u201d Assuredly, it works both ways.<\/p>\n<p>If we tried to imagine Gebusi culture as a global norm, it would seem obscene to us. B points out that \u201cAny culture will become an obscenity when blown up into a universal world culture to which all must belong.\u201d Ironically, any such culture will interpret its domination as validating evidence of its superiority and righteousness. [Cancer must likewise feel pretty smug about its\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/metastatic-modernity-video-series\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"7831\">success in metastasizing<\/a>: clearly doing something right to have become so powerful and ubiquitous.]<\/p>\n<p>We see evolution through this ecologically-illiterate lens as well: \u201csurvival of the fittest,\u201d we tell our conquest-oriented selves. Witness the fact that evolution has a strong tendency to\u00a0<em>increase<\/em>\u00a0biodiversity (between cataclysms). It firmly counters the \u201cone right way to live\u201d mindset. Evolution radiates\u00a0<em>out<\/em>\u00a0in abundance, rather than converging inwards via competitive elimination. Our culture, on the other hand, is obliterating biological and cultural diversity in an ugly,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2024\/08\/mm-14-cancer-diagnosis\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"8645\">cancerous<\/a>\u00a0process\u2014\u201ddevouring all cultures on this planet and turning them into a single culture:\u201d ours.<\/p>\n<p>The recipe for Taker culture involves three interacting ingredients: totalitarian agriculture; the sense that ours is the one right way to live; and the Great Forgetting (eliminating competing ideas for how one might live).<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Wired Monkey<\/h4>\n<p>The agricultural revolution wasn\u2019t just a\u00a0<em>technological<\/em>\u00a0change, it involved a tremendous\u00a0<u>mental shift<\/u>\u00a0in how we view ourselves in relation to the rest of life. We must realize that\u00a0<em>we<\/em>\u00a0possess those\u00a0<em>same<\/em>\u00a0changed minds. From our narrow perspective, the agricultural revolution makes complete sense. Nothing could be more natural. It\u2019s what humans were meant to do. We were born to be civilization-builders. B assures us that it is not at all obvious to those looking at us from the outside [and no: not because they are dumb].<\/p>\n<p>Coming back to the notion that agriculture requires far more labor, what makes it attractive is increased\u00a0<em>power<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>control<\/em>. Those things tend to concentrate in an increasingly hierarchical system of divided labor.<\/p>\n<p>B tells of an experiment wherein an electrode was inserted into the pleasure center of a monkey\u2019s brain. Given access to the activation button, the monkey would forgo all essentials of life and would pleasure itself to death if allowed. So, was the monkey intrinsically\u00a0<em>flawed<\/em>? No: just as humans are not fundamentally flawed for succumbing to addiction and \u201cpleasuring ourselves to death with unending jolts of power.\u201d [Evolution prepares us only for situations that have some precedent. Moths aren\u2019t\u00a0<em>flawed<\/em>\u00a0because they are attracted to recently-introduced electric lights that had zero relevance for millions of years prior. This is the danger of introducing big changes to the ecologically-vetted conditions for Life.]<\/p>\n<p>Getting out of the trap requires a new vision. We need to\u00a0<em>chuck<\/em>\u00a0the magic button as a most unfortunate discovery, not bargain to somehow keep it and minimize its harm. Yet, our cultural vision recoils at the suggestion: we are too deeply ensnared under its devastating, addictive influence.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Tak<\/h4>\n<p>Labeling the original Taker culture The Tak, B briefly recounts the way their actions would look to Leaver neighbors: as if they had gone mad and assumed \u201cgodly\u201d powers over who lives and who dies (see\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2025\/04\/ishmael-chapter-9\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"11336\">Chapter 9<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<em>Ishmael<\/em>). He represents that Genesis itself emphasized \u201cThe Fall\u201d not as an event of technology, but as an event of\u00a0<em>changed minds<\/em>\u2014having eaten the forbidden fruit and now seeing the world in a whole different light (OMG\u2014we\u2019re naked!). The mental shift was\u00a0<em>that<\/em>\u00a0obvious to the neighbors, at the time. It\u2019s far less obvious to us now: we have forgotten because our impoverished brains have never known another way.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fun with Marxists and Others<\/h4>\n<p>Jared accompanied B, Shirin (B\u2019s most valued\/advanced comrade), and this nice bloke named Michael to Stuttgart, where B was to deliver a dreaded lecture on population to a group of ultra-liberal academics by special invitation. The thoroughly-steeped Taker elites were very resistant to the message, afterwards leading an exhausted B to declare it \u201cmighty hard ground.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L4: Population: A Systems Approach (287\u2013306)<\/h3>\n<p>Starting the clock roughly 200,000 years ago, B guesses\u2014reasonably\u2014that the population of our species may have been at ten-thousand. Fast forward to 10,000 years ago and it was closer to ten-million. That thousand-fold increase represents about 10 doublings, so that\u00a0<em>on average<\/em>\u00a0the growth rate was a doubling every 20,000 years, approximately. That\u2019s 0.0035% per year: \u201cglacially slow.\u201d By the year zero, 200 million people were on the planet, working out to a\u00a0<strong>ten-fold increase in rate<\/strong>. Smoking gun: agriculture accelerated population growth by an order-of-magnitude!<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Blessing: A Fable About Population<\/h4>\n<p>B offers a tale from an Earth-like planet, where a minority culture stumbles onto a breakthrough pain relief drug that made its users feel so good that the slogan became: \u201cWorks on pain you didn\u2019t even know you had.\u201d They called the drug Blessing. The only side effect was making the user exude a foul odor when on the drug. Feeling friskier on account of zero aches or pains, birthrate notched upward. Labeled Stinkards by the majority population on the planet, their minority status didn\u2019t last long. In addition to the sheer growth in number driven by increased fertility, and associated encroachments, Blessing made inroads into the majority population, so that before long, virtually the whole planet was Stinkard. As population pressures mounted and famines became more frequent, increased food production became the order of the day. Programs in birth control and education had immeasurably little effect.<\/p>\n<p>A biohistorian named Spry noted the connection to Blessing (and the associated mechanism), but no one could accept a connection. People were indignant at the absurd suggestion that they should give up Blessing and live with minor pain. It did not matter that prior to Blessing people lived fulfilled lives and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2025\/05\/scramble-and-cling\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"11910\">didn\u2019t consider themselves to exist in misery<\/a>\u00a0of constant pain. It was easy to dismiss the connection on the basis that any purported connection was indirect, tenuous, and surely under their control. Any reminder that every controlled experiment on any species showed the same effect (Blessing increased birth rates) was met with howls that humans can\u2019t be compared to\u00a0<em>animals<\/em>, for gods\u2019 sake! Spry was ridiculed and forever-more ignored. Conferences on the population crisis centered on the word \u201ccontrol,\u201d but\u00a0<em>never<\/em>\u00a0Blessing.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Growth and the ABCs of Ecology<\/h4>\n<p>Population stability in an ecological context is all about\u00a0<em>negative feedback<\/em>. That may sound bad, but\u00a0<em>positive<\/em>\u00a0feedback is the killer: more begets more in exponential runaway. Positive feedback leads to catastrophe; negative feedback leads to stability.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Defeating the System\u2019s Controls<\/h4>\n<p>The agricultural revolution was about side-stepping the usual negative feedback mechanisms (food availability) that operated to keep the Community of Life in the approximate (slowly-changing) balance in which all its relationships were baked. Having control over food production, the knob was dialed to \u201cmore\u201d and never (deliberately) to \u201cless.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The cycle is obvious: more food allows more people. More people demand more food. It\u2019s like having a defective thermostat that responds to \u201ctoo hot\u201d by turning up the heat, ad infinitum. That\u2019s positive feedback, and is usually not what we want. It gets out of hand.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Experiment Run 10,000 Times<\/h4>\n<p>Inefficiencies, inequities, geographical challenges, etc. translate to people going hungry even when enough total food is produced. Every year people starve. The response: we clearly need more food. Every year.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Three Demonstrations<\/h4>\n<p>If you launch an experiment of two young, healthy mice in ample space and give them 2\u00a0kg of food each day (removing uneaten food at the end of each day), eventually you\u2019ll have around 300 mice, eating all 2\u00a0kg every day. Population will gently fluctuate around a stable point\u2014indefinitely if holding this food profile [and maintaining a clean environment].<\/p>\n<p>In the next experiment, 50% more food is provided than what was eaten the previous day. The mice thus always have a sizable food surplus: more food than they can eat every day. The result is predictable: given enough physical space, the population grows exponentially and will continue to do so as long as the regimen is upheld. Let\u2019s say 60,000 mice ate 500 kg of food one day. Instead of providing 50% more the next day (of which they may only eat 510 kg), what if we hold it at 500 kg? Day after day, the experiment continues and no riots, famine, or other drama unfolds. The population just holds at around 60,000. The knob totally works!<\/p>\n<p>In the final demonstration, food is tapered by 0.25 kg each day: slowly enough to avoid calamity. One-thousand days later the food supply is half what it was, and guess what: now just 30,000 mice. No drama: just a slow adjustment to a slowly changing food reality via natural births and deaths.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objections<\/h4>\n<p>B notes:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>I\u2019ve been surprised by how challenging people find these ideas. They feel menaced by them. They get angry. They feel I\u2019m attacking the foundation of their lives. They feel I\u2019m calling into question the blessedness of the great blessing of civilized life. They somehow feel I\u2019m questioning the sacredness of human life itself.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>True: humans are not mice. But essentially the second experiment has been carried out for 10,000 years and has an astoundingly convincing track record. People believe that we can increase food production without a concomitant increase in people, despite lack of evidence. [Since the book was written, it has become more apparent that a host of negative feedback effects are finally overcoming positive feedback and beginning to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2024\/06\/peak-population-projections\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"6549\">lower fertility rates<\/a>, as\u00a0<em>must<\/em>\u00a0happen at some point. This development does not\u00a0<em>invalidate<\/em>\u00a0the positive feedback mechanism, but just overpowers it. Next week\u2019s post will address the \u201cfood makes babies\u201d formula.]<\/p>\n<p>The biophysically inarguable point is that people are made from food: not aluminum, concrete, steel, sand, etc. [Actually, we are\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2024\/02\/inexhaustible-flows\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"5301\">97% made of atoms from water and air<\/a>: H, O, C, N; the last two pulled out of air by plants.] Obviously a population explosion cannot happen\u00a0<em>without<\/em>\u00a0a food explosion. The reverse needn\u2019t be\u00a0<em>logically<\/em>\u00a0true, but\u00a0<em>has been true in practice<\/em>: more food\u00a0<em>has<\/em>\u00a0resulted in more population.<\/p>\n<p>When it comes to the notion of increasing food to feed the starving millions, the temptation is to think that the extra food goes to the hungry. If the result is more population, it must be their fault\u2014which seems off, somehow. No:\u00a0<em>some<\/em>\u00a0of the extra food might make it into hungry bellies, but the largesse is spread a million different ways from all the fields in the world. More likely, places that are neither affluent nor starving take advantage of greater food availability to expand: times are good! People are\u00a0<em>still<\/em>\u00a0hungry, and we\u2019ve added almost a hundred-million mouths? Then there\u2019s nothing for it but to produce\u00a0<em>more<\/em>\u00a0food. The result has been utterly predictable, demonstrated virtually every year for thousands of years.<\/p>\n<p>Whether or not people would ever\u00a0<em>tolerate<\/em>\u00a0limits on food production is beside the biophysical point. It doesn\u2019t matter whether we\u00a0<em>accept<\/em>\u00a0the rule of gravity when stepping off a cliff.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Questions and Answers<\/h4>\n<p>I made notes on two of the eight (generally incredulous) questions. The first notes that Malthus said the same (failed) stuff a century ago. B clarifies that Mathus worried about\u00a0<em>failure<\/em>\u00a0of agriculture. B\u2019s warning is about the implications of its unfettered\u00a0<em>success<\/em>. [<em>Both<\/em>\u00a0can manifest, in different phases. B comes before M.]<\/p>\n<p>The other relates to food shell games. Growth need not transpire in the place\u00a0<em>producing<\/em>\u00a0surplus. If population growth happens, the necessary food came from\u00a0<em>somewhere<\/em>\u00a0in a global distribution system.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Intense Lessons from B (104\u2013200)<\/h3>\n<p>With the dreaded lecture done, we get back to the story\u2026<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Between Stuttgart and Frankfurt<\/h4>\n<p>On the train back from the population talk, B helps Jared see that it is easy for us to know what \u201cancient\u201d Taker people had in mind when they built the pyramids or the Great Wall of China\u2014because we share similar minds. Yet, when contemplating pre-agricultural Leavers, we don\u2019t tend to know what they had in mind. They had no money, commerce, cities, or even hamlets: no accomplishments to speak of. We take this to mean they had\u00a0<em>nothing<\/em>\u00a0in mind: nothing for us to even try to understand [nothing worth writing down, apparently].<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Now the Parable is This<\/h4>\n<p>After hearing a parable about weavers, Jared is still stuck on the lack of any\u00a0<em>accomplishments<\/em>\u00a0from pre-agricultural people. Without accomplishments, one can assume that they had no motivating ideas. [I know what impressive feat they accomplished and that we have not: do you?]<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Defending the Gap<\/h4>\n<p>After various elements of drama, the education continues\u2014mostly outdoors in a park. Leaning on Jared\u2019s Christian vocation, they define Christ\u2019s mission: \u201cTo save souls.\u201d Not whales, forests, or wetlands. By contrast, B\u2019s ministry is about saving\u00a0<em>the world<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Borders<\/h4>\n<p>B tries to get Jared to understand the momentous mental shift associated with the origin of Takers by starting with our origins embedded in the Community of Life. The Taker delusion is that humans were meant to become Takers. This goes hand-in-hand with the idea that the universe aimed to make humans. Because of this self-flattering bias, our imaginations are limited to the notion that prehistoric Leavers \u201cwere\u00a0<em>trying<\/em>\u00a0to be us but just lacked the tools and techniques to succeed.\u201d We similarly imagine that religious beliefs emerged somewhat recently, when evidence for burials began appearing. B compares this to believing that language began around the time that clay tablets appeared. We know better.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bricolage<\/h4>\n<p>Jared and B begin an exercise of bricolage: building something of meaning out of random elements close at hand. Echoing a bit of right-brain wisdom, B indicates that bricolage is not an exact science, but all the same can stimulate ideas and represent deep truths. It\u2019s metaphorical. Scrounging around the park, B picked up various discarded bits of junk: a fuse, a film canister, a comb. Adding to this from Jared\u2019s pockets was a pen and an ancient ammonite fossil B had given him some days before. B chose the fossil to anchor the work of bricolage, associating it with the Community of Life.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Animism<\/h4>\n<p>Long before monotheism and paganism\u2014which never really achieved\u00a0<em>universal<\/em>\u00a0status\u2014animism was essentially a universal \u201creligion\u201d among humans on the planet. It amounts to an awareness that Life is sacred: far beyond our reckoning. B selected the film canister to represent animism, and bound it to the Community of Life (ammonite fossil).<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Regarding the Number of the Gods<\/h4>\n<p>Animism is not concerned with counting how many gods there are: it\u2019s inconsequential. Indicating comb with its many teeth, B asks if it is one thing or many. Toss it aside and move on.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where the Gods Write What they Write<\/h4>\n<p>Speaking to Jared about his Christian belief, B says:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Your God writes in words. The gods I\u2019m talking about write in galaxies and star systems and planets and oceans and forests and whales and birds and gnats.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>What a\u00a0<strong>stunning language<\/strong>\u00a0it is, too! The pen comes to represent the Law of Life\u2014more on what this is in a bit. It is wedged between the Community of Life (fossil) and animism (film canister) .<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Science vs. Religion<\/h4>\n<p>Unlike the often-dicey relationship between religion and science (squabbling over who has authority to decide Truth), animism is completely at home with science. That\u2019s because\u00a0<em>both<\/em>\u00a0look for truth\u00a0<strong>as it is written in the universe<\/strong>: not in words from books or prophets. The cartridge fuse comes to represent science, which nestles comfortably next to animism in the bricolage amalgam.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Law of Life: The Hologram<\/h4>\n<p>The Law of Life is written all across the Community of Life. Animism tries to\u00a0<em>read<\/em>\u00a0this law and represent it in ways our brains can handle. The Law is not as absolute as the speed of light. A species may live outside the law, but in so doing they guarantee they will not be around for long. The Law of Life is essentially written by the long-duration survivors: how to live in ways that do not lead to extinction.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Law of Life: A Mouse Burial<\/h4>\n<p>B describes a scene they find in the park \u201cwilds\u201d\u2014a dead mouse is being buried by beetles for use by their larvae. Tiny mites that live on the beetles\u2019 legs eat fly eggs and help clear the mouse carcass for the beetle larvae to succeed.<\/p>\n<p>The Law of Life is about mutual abundance. Each mite \u201cis a work of so much delicacy, perfection, and complexity that it makes a digital computer look like a pair of pliers.\u201d Yet, no two in the entire universe are the same. The genetic abundance of mites interacts with the genetic abundance of other organisms in such a way as to ensure adequate abundance for these organisms to carry on. The Law is written only by long survivors who necessarily benefit from sufficiently reliable abundance.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">One of the Bad Ones<\/h4>\n<p>B\u2019s efforts are self-described as motivating \u201cthe first animist missionaries\u201d to the world of salvation-based religions.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Two Visions<\/h4>\n<p>Animism really isn\u2019t a\u00a0<em>religion<\/em>\u00a0as we use the term. It\u2019s so different from today\u2019s religions that they all look essentially the same from an animist perspective: East or West. Animism is more about a way of looking at the world. Until recently, humans lived in accordance with the Law of Life for millions of years\u2014because they survived. They may not have been able to\u00a0<em>articulate<\/em>\u00a0the Law of Life [any more than a random person can articulate the machinations of a single transistor at the heart of modern life], but their animist viewpoint was able to guide them. They knew truths about life, based on repeatable patterns: babies require care to survive; lions defend their prey; one need not outrun a deer to catch it; being upwind is a sure way to ruin a hunt. These are known because they are written in the community, and animists read these truths into their worldviews, woven into memorable stories.<\/p>\n<p>While Jared is not able to name the animist vision yet, he has less trouble pinpointing the Taker vision. The world was made for us. We can do with it as we please. God is only concerned with humans (for whom he made the world). We were meant to subdue and rule the world, turning it into the paradise it was meant to be. Whole chapters in\u00a0<em>Ishmael<\/em>\u00a0were distilled into a few short paragraphs.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strategies: Stable and Otherwise<\/h4>\n<p>This section covers material from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2025\/04\/ishmael-chapter-8\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"11330\">Chapter 8<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<em>Ishmael<\/em>: what happens if a species starts violating the Law of Life. Instability results. Very importantly, the consequences are not\u00a0<em>immediate<\/em>, but eventually catch up. We are currently in the process of delayed self-elimination\u2014taking many others down with us.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Eyes Begin to Open<\/h4>\n<p>Jared begins to recognize that his religion teaches that God \u201cwill make an exception for us [\u2026] let us behave in a way that would be fatal for any other species.\u201d It is compared to the belief that God will allow us to violate the laws of physics if we wish. Jared wonders why the counter-perspective is not widely known and taught. B suggests that the Balkanization of disciplines plays a huge role in removing this big-picture perspective. Which department would teach it?<\/p>\n<p>B makes the important point that the flawed vision of Takers arose\u00a0<em>out of<\/em>\u00a0a lifestyle rather than the reverse. Generations of \u201ctotalitarian agriculture\u201d served to impress upon Takers that the world was a resource to be conquered, ruled, and transformed. It\u2019s what they were busy\u00a0<em>doing<\/em>, after all. [A bit of chicken\u2013egg paradox arises here\u2014resolved by appreciating their arriving and evolving together as one bundle.]<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Web<\/h4>\n<p>In many religions, the god or gods are remote; removed; detached. They may be in the heavens or on Mt. Olympus. Animist gods are very much present locally, and are a different mix from one place to another simply because the Community of Life is different from one place to another. The gods\u00a0<strong>animate<\/strong>\u00a0each place. They are \u201cthe fire that burns in this place.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Animist gods, while impressive and able to do what we ourselves never could, are not omnipotent. They \u201ccan be vanquished by a flamethrower or a bulldozer or a bomb\u2014silenced, driven away, enfeebled.\u201d It is possible for us to destroy their works, even if impossible for us to build them. A concrete jungle, as we call urban areas, has almost no animating force left. But given the opportunity (e.g., Chernobyl), the gods will re-enter and breathe the fire of life back in a place. They won\u2019t be the same set of gods as before: it\u2019s never the same. But Life finds a way, and is poised to spring back.<\/p>\n<p>As mentioned above, no two mites\u2014as lowly as we might think them to be\u2014\u201dhave ever been made alike in all the mighty universe\u201d [I relish the phonetic pun]. \u201cThe brain in that precious human head of yours is not more wonderful than one of those mites.\u201d [It seems to have taken a few years for that concept to silently percolate in my own precious meat-brain.]<\/p>\n<p>All living beings within a Community of Life are made from atoms drawn from that community, and are in a sense an\u00a0<em>expression<\/em>\u00a0of that community.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Nothing in the community lives in isolation from the rest, not even the queens of the social insects. Nothing lives only in itself, needing nothing\u00a0<strong>from<\/strong>\u00a0the community. Nothing lives only for itself, owing nothing\u00a0<strong>to<\/strong>\u00a0the community. [\u2026] Every life is on loan from the community from birth and without fail paid back to the community in death.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Life is a great recycling gig [using air, water, and ground as temporary storage media]. Always some forms are mining and distributing new raw materials, but largely it feeds on itself, exchanging substances from one life to the next\u2014frequently via death.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">In the Center of the Web<\/h4>\n<p>Humans came into being, differentiating themselves from their primate ancestors, in part by being excellent hunters. Their techniques were unique to them: not mimicking lions or dragonflies or angler fish. Their particular talent was\u00a0<em>reading stories written in tracks in the dirt<\/em>. We became human not by \u201cbanging rocks together\u201d but by being keen, intelligent\u00a0<em>observers<\/em>\u00a0of the living world around us and building effective stories to tie it together.<\/p>\n<p>B proceeds to read a story written in the dirt of a beetle ambushed by a mouse, the ensuing scuffle, and the mouse carrying the beetle off.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The First Thing: Reading the Signs<\/h4>\n<p>Plenty of animals use tools. That\u2019s not the defining feature of humans. We became human primarily based on our approach to hunting\u2014enabled of course by our more complex mental machinery. Every living being exploits some trick (or set of tricks) to succeed, and the human trick is unquestionably linked to our large brains. Not only could we read stories in the dirt, but we could communicate them as well in a rich language.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The \u201cHunting Gene\u201d<\/h4>\n<p>Violence is not at all unique to humans, or even to predators. Most violence not associated with predation is intra-species (mating rights, territory, etc.). It is not a propensity toward violence that makes humans successful hunters, but other attributes. This finds expression in one of the primary activities we are impelled to carry out.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The \u201cStorytelling Gene\u201d<\/h4>\n<p>We can teach a gorilla to use words in sign language, but find that they will never be able to assemble events into a coherent, enduring story [sincerest apology to Ishmael!]. The saga of the fight between the mouse and the beetle as witnessed and told by the gorilla becomes \u201cBug bug mouse bug run fight mouse run bug\u201d and a short time later will have eroded to a report of having seen mouse and bug. Stories have universal appeal for humans\u2014evident from a very early age. The structure of beginning, middle, and end is ubiquitous. How else could we account for its universality unless we were genetically coded to work in stories\u2014in some complex, untraceable way?<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reading the Future<\/h4>\n<p>Of particular value in interpreting animal tracks as\u00a0<em>stories<\/em>\u00a0is a firm handle on the temporal landscape: past, present, and future. In contrast, dogs tracking a scent are always responding to \u201cnow\u201d signals. Part of our power lies in appreciating evidence from\u00a0<em>the past<\/em>, but the real value stems from what the tracks can tell us about\u00a0<em>the future<\/em>. The tracks lead off this way, and are fresh, so if we go in that direction, we might encounter their creator within a couple of hours. Humans are obsessed with wanting to know the future. History is seen not as a pile of bygone curiosities, but as a tool kit for assembling a sense of the future (and a hope to avoid repeating mistakes). Religions tend to focus on what comes next for us if we follow certain paths. Science derives its chief value from its predictive ability. Medicine is about manipulating future outcomes. [Hmmm: Law is re-litigating the past?]<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dynamiting \u201cNature\u201d<\/h4>\n<p>The term \u201cNature\u201d is problematic, in that it erects an artificial (imagined) wall between humans and the non-human world, as if separable. Many stories are framed as \u201cMan against Nature.\u201d The Taker way is a war against Nature. It\u2019s an act of alienation. We can no more separate ourselves and live against Nature as we can against entropy or gravity. The notion of getting \u201ccloser to Nature\u201d is nonsensical\u2014like saying we need to be closer to atoms.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Through the Eyes of Deer<\/h4>\n<p>Our animist forebears were not \u201cclose to Nature\u201d so much as they\u00a0<em>were<\/em>\u00a0Nature: members of the Community of Life along with all the other plants and animals. It is as pointless to angelize Leaver ancestors as to demonize them. They were just people, but people living a lifestyle in better accord with long-term health of the Community of Life. They found that it worked well for them, and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2025\/05\/scramble-and-cling\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"11910\">tended to want to hang on to it<\/a>\u00a0as long as circumstances allowed.<\/p>\n<p>Taker children believe that \u201clife comes to us from our human parents and that food is just another product we manufacture, like paint or plastic or glass.\u201d Leavers are in better contact with the Community of Life, intimately understanding life, death, and food origins.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">In the Sea of Grass<\/h4>\n<p>Picturing a pre-agricultural prairie, all the varied life\u2014grasses, grasshoppers, fungi, mice, sparrows, foxes, bison, vultures, rabbits, microbes, humans\u2014all trace to grass. Each life is an expression of the same set of substances, endlessly redistributed: \u201cindistinguishable from one another, intermingling in the flow of fire, and the fire is god [\u2026] the animator of this single place.\u201d<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Secrets<\/h4>\n<p>Finally, B believes that Jared may be able to articulate the Leaver vision, which he does admirably:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The world is a sacred place and a sacred process, and we\u2019re part of it.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>It\u2019s a stark contrast to the \u201cdominion\u201d vision of Taker culture.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L5: The Great Remembering (307\u2013325)<\/h3>\n<p>Shortly after this intense session in the park, B delivered the last of the public lectures in the book, titled The Great Remembering. In case you forgot, The Great Forgetting is when Takers lost touch with their origins as Leaver people, assuming humans came onto Earth as farmers and builders of cities. Just as PCP (angel dust) \u201cblinds its users to the fact that they\u2019re flesh and bone,\u201d it\u2026<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u2026blinds us to the fact that we are a biological species in a community of biological species and are not exempt or exemptible from the forces that shape all life on this planet.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>It\u2019s as if we are not of this Earth, but delivered from on high to rule it and transform it according to recent brain-derived notions. Like being on PCP, this blind spot leads us to commit dangerous and utterly stupid acts. But do not mistake the user for the drug. Living without it\u00a0<em>is<\/em>\u00a0possible.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Obliteration of Tribalism<\/h4>\n<p>Fabricated laws (as opposed to the emergent Law of Life) appear to have popped up about a thousand years after writing was established. The Code of Hammurabi, from 2100 BCE, is the first known example. For clarity, Leaver cultures all had their own unique laws for many tens of thousands of years\u2014slowly crafted and honed to work for them and in accord with the Law of Life. One might even say that such proven laws and norms\u00a0<em>were<\/em>\u00a0<em>aspects<\/em>\u00a0of the Law of Life.<\/p>\n<p>We then get a story of how one certain people, called the Tak for our purposes, once existed in a patchwork of other Leaver cultures, each having their own distinct customs that worked for them. The Tak had the misfortune of inventing totalitarian agriculture, and the further misfortune of believing this to be the\u00a0<em>one right way<\/em>\u00a0for all humans to live.<\/p>\n<p>As neighboring tribes were assimilated or exterminated by the expansionist Tak, the previously-distinct cultural identities faded. The process continued so that even the original cultural distinctiveness of the Tak was washed away\u2014no longer relevant to a non-Leaver people. We are left with an amalgam of former tribes, all of whom have lost their original customs and laws, creating something of a blank slate: a void yearning to be filled. A world rich in diverse, tuned laws became a lawless desert.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">On the Nature of Received Laws<\/h4>\n<p>Takers had no choice but to\u00a0<em>invent<\/em>\u00a0their laws, possessing no relevant qualifications or experience. It may seem obvious that this is how laws are\u00a0<em>supposed<\/em>\u00a0to come into being. But Leavers inherited laws from time immemorial. Tribal laws are\u00a0<em>received<\/em>\u00a0as a well-tuned collection\u2014tested over many generations and proven to work well for the tribe\u00a0<em>in the context of<\/em>\u00a0a Community of Life. [Oral transmission also allowed greater adaptability to changing situations as each generation could tweak according to experience rather than slavishly following the \u201cletter of the law.\u201d]<\/p>\n<p>The book then offers a fascinating account of how the Alawa of Australia handle adultery. The motivations are understandable, and the result effective. Each tribe will have its own custom for dealing with crises, and no one but patient evolution can pass judgment on what works for them, in the long run. Notably, the written\/fabricated laws of \u201cthe most murderous and destructive culture that history has ever produced\u201d ought not be held as a standard by which to judge others. So, be careful there!<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The World of the Detribalized<\/h4>\n<p>Ever since the Great Forgetting, we have witnessed a recurring story of one highly successful Leaver lifestyle after another being smashed to pieces, followed by a grossly-imperfect attempt to fabricate a flimsy replacement lacking any deep heritage.<\/p>\n<p>Tribal lifestyles are not amazing because they\u2019re superior or cuddly or \u201cnatural.\u201d \u201cTribal life is precious because it\u00a0<em>tested out<\/em>\u201d over millions of years. It\u2019s a question of\u00a0<em>stability<\/em>;\u00a0<em>viability<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Just as the irreplaceable gods are not\u00a0<em>invulnerable<\/em>, the long-lived success of the Leaver lifestyle does not make it resistant to obliteration. We ought to be clear that tribalism need not be the\u00a0<em>only<\/em>\u00a0way for humans to live successfully on this planet, but it is a\u00a0<em>proven<\/em>\u00a0way, and starkly different from the demonstrably destructive Taker way that isn\u2019t working and never\u00a0<em>could have<\/em>\u00a0worked in the long run. The Taker criteria were never about whether a lifestyle worked well for people and for the rest of the Community of Life.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">If it Doesn\u2019t Work, Suffer<\/h4>\n<p>Tribal life is so explicitly cohesive that \u201cno one suffers unless\u00a0<em>everyone<\/em>\u00a0suffers.\u201d That\u2019s egalitarianism: no suffering classes. Chiefs are not rulers in the way we understand the term, but influencers and sacrificers. [Success of the tribe is\u00a0<em>everything<\/em>: individuals succeed\u00a0<em>only<\/em>\u00a0when the tribe as a whole succeeds.]<\/p>\n<p>We are never surprised that evolution prepared any\u00a0<em>other<\/em>\u00a0species to live a lifestyle that works well for them\u2014however alien to our own. It should not be surprising that Leaver life reflects a lifestyle that evolved to work well for people.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u2026conversely, why should you be surprised that the founders of our culture, having obliterated a lifestyle tested over a period of three million years, were unable to\u00a0<strong>slap together<\/strong>\u00a0a replacement that was just as good? [my emphasis]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Part of the Great Forgetting is losing sight of the fact that people once lived well, without suffering masses. It makes sense that a newly concocted and woefully imperfect system that produced suffering masses would lead to a sense that the world was an evil place, and that humans were intrinsically flawed\u2014were fated to be damned and doomed. Humans needed\u00a0<em>saving<\/em>. Is it much wonder that salvationist religions sprung up around the time that Taker life had produced egregious hierarchies and intolerable suffering?<\/p>\n<p>Suffering\u2014and how to shake it off\u2014became the preoccupation of Taker culture around the world: \u201cHinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.\u201d Attribution of the cause of suffering differed among them, as well as how to escape it. In all cases, personal salvation became the obsession: the best achievement one could seek. As an intrinsically\u00a0<em>selfish<\/em>\u00a0pursuit, any degree of selfishness was justified in the name of salvation. It took priority over family, friends, community, and the Community of Life. Especially dangerous is salvation that manifests in a realm detached from Earthly existence.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is B the Antichrist?<\/h4>\n<p>The last two pages of this lecture are packed with noteworthy points. In answer to the question as to whether B is the Antichrist, the answer is yes: The goal of B is to prioritize the living world over any sense of eternal salvation. \u201cThe world must live!\u201d<\/p>\n<p>We are not related to angels, but to lightning bugs, marmosets, newts, chickadees, bananas, and amoebas. We need no longer buy into the rumor that humans are flawed creations in need of saving. How would it even make sense that every other living being is made well, but we\u2019re botched? [Hmmm: maybe\u00a0<em>modernity<\/em>\u00a0is the botch!]<\/p>\n<p>We need to shed the premise that nothing matters but us (either individually or as a species). We need to shed the twisted belief that our purpose is to suffer. We need to shed the sense that death is the doorway to something glorious and eternal.<\/p>\n<p>So, yes, B advocates abandoning the salvation route. Contrary to the imagined role of the Antichrist, B does not advocate a life of hedonism and evil. B wants people to remember that we belong to this world, and have been content in that role for eons. The motivation is not sin and evil, but tremendous\u00a0<strong>love<\/strong>\u00a0of the world and its inhabitants. That\u2019s dangerous talk!<\/p>\n<p>The New Testament explicitly shames love of the world over the Father, immediately followed by a warning of the Antichrist. Indeed, the coming of B might mark the final hour\u2014but for that\u00a0<em>belief system<\/em>\u00a0rather than for Earth.<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019ll comment that positioning this message as running counter to the Bible and associating it with the Antichrist has the unfortunate effect that it can instantly alienate an enormous number of people. Ideally, one might recognize that most religious followers\u00a0<em>already<\/em>\u00a0exercise selective acceptance of what the Bible says, and might work to merge\/reconcile ideas rather than polarize into oppositional camps.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Post-Explosion Commitment (200\u2013235)<\/h3>\n<p>The only notes I wrote for the final section of the book\u2019s narrative were from pages 217\u2013219, where Jared was asked to account for patterns of war that existed even among Leaver people. Doesn\u2019t this destroy the notion that Leaver and Taker cultures are at complete odds? The resolution comes in the realization that warriors in Leaver cultures had the goal of protecting their territory, occasionally displaying their strength via raids. The point was not domination, subjugation, or territorial expansion, as we understand modern motivations of war.<\/p>\n<p>The result is protection of cultural diversity, which itself protects longevity. Homogeneity invites vulnerability. The pattern of skirmishes that emerged did so because that\u2019s what\u00a0<em>worked<\/em>\u00a0in the best interests of all the people in the long term.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h3>\n<p>I had no idea when I started this post that it would swell to over 10,000 words. But, that still represents a substantial distillation of a whole book, and roughly a third as extensive as my\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dothemath.ucsd.edu\/2025\/03\/ishmael-overview\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"10977\">multi-part\u00a0<em>Ishmael<\/em>\u00a0coverage<\/a>. I intentionally left many of the dramatic plot twists out as encouragement to read the original. When you read the book, you\u2019ll probably have some double takes and think I misrepresented key elements, but I was careful. As often happens, it\u2019s our\u00a0<em>assumptions<\/em>\u00a0that get in the way.<\/p>\n<p><em>I thank Alex Leff for previewing this post, offering valuable suggestions<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We must\u00a0forget\u00a0The Great Forgetting, which told us that our culture\u00a0was\u00a0all of humanity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":128238,"featured_media":3513439,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[79718,79720,213535],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3513431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","category-society","category-society-featured"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3513431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/128238"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3513431"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3513431\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3513440,"href":"https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3513431\/revisions\/3513440"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3513439"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3513431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3513431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3513431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}